Ancient World

Resultado de imagen de word square egypt

Our students are working on their projects:

- Stonehenge
- The mummification
- Tutankhamun´s tomb
- The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
- The Olympic games
- The Hispanic emperors

Resources:

THE MUMMIFICATION:

n The Egyptians believed that when they died, they would make a journey to another world where they would live a new life.

n Egyptians paid great amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved, ready for the after life. Egyptians who were poor were buried in the sand while the rich ones were buried in a tomb.

n Rich Egyptians were preserved properly. This process was called mummification.

n Mummification took about 72 days.

n The body was washed with water from the Nile and taken to a place called “per nefer” where the mummies were made.

n The chief embalmer made a cut on the left side of the abdomen and removed the internal organs. He placed them in canopic jars.

n The body was dried using salt and then filled with stuffing.

n It was then left for 40 days.

n The body was rubbed with oils and refilled with linen or sawdust.

n It was then wrapped in linen bandages.

n After the mummy was completed it was placed into a sarcophagus (coffin) which was decorated with pictures of Gods and spells.

n It was then placed in a burial chamber with the canopic jars and many different items for the journey to the after life such as food, games and furniture.

n The walls of the tombs were decorated with paintings and spells.

TUTANKHAMUM´S TOMB

Where is King Tut's tomb? The tomb is in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, Egypt. This was where the

Pharaohs and powerful nobles were buried for around 500 years during the history of Ancient Egypt.

Who found the tomb? By 1914 many archeologists believed that all of the Pharaoh's tombs in the Valley

of the Kings had been found. However, one archeologist named Howard Carter didn't agree. He thought

that the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was still undiscovered.

Carter searched the Valley of the Kings for five years finding little. The man funding his search, Lord

Carnarvon, became frustrated and nearly stopped paying for Carter's search. Carter convinced

Carnarvon to pay for one more year. The pressure was on, Carter had one more year to find something.

In 1922, after six years of searching, Howard Carter found a step underneath some old workmen's huts.

He soon uncovered a stairway and the door to King Tut's tomb.

What would be inside it? Would it be empty like all the other tombs found before? What was found in

the tomb? Once inside the tomb, Carter found rooms filled with treasure. This included statues, gold

jewelry, Tutankhamun's mummy, chariots, model boats, canopic jars, chairs, and paintings. It was an

amazing discovery and one of the most important made in the history of archeology.

In all, there were over 5,000 objects in the tomb. It took Carter and his team ten years to catalog

everything.

How big was the tomb? The tomb was fairly small for a Pharaoh. Archeologists believe that it was built

for an Egyptian noble, but was used for Tutankhamun when he died at a young age. The tomb had four

main rooms: the antechamber, burial chamber, annex, and treasury. The antechamber was the first room

that Carter entered. Among its many items included three funeral beds and the pieces of four chariots.

The burial chamber contained the sarcophagus and King Tut's mummy. The mummy was contained in

three nested coffins. The final coffin was made of solid gold. The treasury contained the king's canopic

chest which held his organs. There were also many treasures such as gilded statues and model boats.

The annex was full of all sorts of objects including board games, oils, and dishes.

Was there really a curse? At the time that King Tut's tomb was opened, many people thought that there

was a curse that would affect anyone who invaded the tomb. When Lord Carnarvon died from a

mosquito bite a year after entering the tomb, people were sure the tomb was cursed. Soon rumors began

to spread that increased the belief and fear of the curse. Newspapers reported a curse inscribed on the

door of the tomb.

It was also said that 13 of the 20 people who were present at the opening of the burial chamber died

within a few years. However, these were all just rumors.

The tomb is given the designation KV62. The KV stands for Valley of the Kings and the 62 is because it

was the 62nd tomb found there. Today, most of the treasures are exhibited at the Egyptian Museum in

Cairo, Egypt.

THE HISPANIC EMPERORS

Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Traianus)

Occupation: Emperor of Rome

Born: September 18, 53 AD in Italica, Hispania

Died: August 8, 117 AD in Selinus, Cilicia

Reign: January 28, 98 AD to August 8, 117 AD

Best known for: Considered one of Rome's greatest emperors

Biography: Trajan is considered one of the greatest emperors in the history of Rome. He ruled for nineteen years from 98 AD to 117 AD. He conquered many lands and grew the Roman Empire to its largest expanse in history. His rule was a time of great prosperity for Rome.

Early Career: Trajan followed his father and joined the Roman army. He was a gifted leader and soon rose up the ranks. He served with distinction in various parts of the Roman Empire including Syria. Trajan entered politics and was elected praetor and then consul. He also became a general over a full Roman legion.

Becoming Emperor: While Trajan was serving as governor of Upper Germany, he received a letter from Emperor Nerva. He was being adopted as Nerva's heir and would be next in line for the throne. It was common in Rome for an emperor who didn't have any sons to adopt an adult son as heir. Nerva picked Trajan because he was popular with the army. In 98 AD, Nerva died and Trajan became emperor. Trajan didn't immediately return to Rome, but visited the Roman legions to make sure he had the support of the army. He finally returned to Rome a year later and was received by the people and the senate as the new emperor.

Expanding the Empire: Because he had spent much of his life in the army, Trajan was often called a "soldier-emperor". He enjoyed battle and wanted to expand the Roman Empire. His first conquest was the kingdom of Dacia (modern-day Romania). Dacia became an important Roman province bringing wealth to Rome through its gold mines. His second major conquest was the kingdom of Parthia in Asia. He added two new Roman provinces in Asia including Armenia and Mesopotamia.

Building: Trajan also had many public works built throughout the Roman Empire. These works included bridges, aqueducts, baths, roads, public buildings, and canals. He also had a new forum built called Trajan's Forum in Rome.

Death: Trajan fell ill while campaigning in the Middle East. He died in Cilicia on his return to Rome. He was succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian. Trajan was considered one of the best emperors by the Roman Senate.

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus)

Occupation: Emperor of Rome

Born: January 24, 76 AD in Italica, Spain

Died: July 10, 138 AD in Baiae, Italy

Reign: August 10, 117- July 10, 138

Biography: Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father.

Becoming Emperor: Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death.

The Empire: During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian wanted to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

Building: He built the Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon and the Temple of Venus and Roma , and in Athens the Olympeion.

Death: In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.